@article{94348,
  keywords = {General Medicine, Geospatial analysis, Global distribution},
  author = {Cromwell EA and Schmidt CA and Kwong KT and Pigott DM and Mupfasoni D and Biswas G and Shirude S and Hill E and Donkers KM and Abdoli A and Abrigo MRM and Adekanmbi V and Adetokunboh OO and Adinarayanan S and Ahmadpour E and Ahmed MB and Akalu TY and Alanezi FM and Alanzi TM and Alinia C and Alipour V and Amit A and Anber NH and Ancuceanu R and Andualem Z and Anjomshoa M and Ansari F and Antonio CAT and Anvari D and Appiah SCY and Arabloo J and Arnold B and Ausloos M and Ayanore MA and Badirzadeh A and Baig AA and Banach M and Baraki AG and Bärnighausen TW and Bayati M and Bhattacharyya K and Bhutta ZA and Bijani A and Bisanzio D and Bockarie MJ and Bohlouli S and Bohluli M and Butt ZA and Cano J and Carvalho F and Chattu VK and Chavshin AR and Cormier NM and Damiani G and Dandona L and Dandona R and Darwesh AM and Daryani A and Dash AP and Deribe K and Deshpande A and Dessu BK and Dhimal M and Dianatinasab M and Diaz D and Do HT and Earl L and El Tantawi M and Faraj A and Fattahi N and Fernandes E and Fischer F and Foigt NA and Foroutan M and Guo Y and Hailu GB and Hasaballah AI and Hassankhani H and Herteliu C and Hidru HDD and Hole MK and Hon J and Hossain N and Hosseinzadeh M and Househ M and Humayun A and Ilesanmi OS and Ilic IM and Ilic MD and Iqbal U and Irvani SSN and Islam MM and Jha R and Ji JS and Johnson KB and Jozwiak JJ and Kabir A and Kalankesh LR and Kalhor R and Karami Matin B and Karch A and Karimi SE and Kasaeian A and Kayode GA and Kazemi Karyani A and Kelbore AG and Khafaie MA and Khalilov R and Khan J and Khatab K and Khater MM and Khodayari MT and Kianipour N and Kim YJ and Kinyoki DK and Kumar GA and Kusuma D and La Vecchia C and Lansingh VC and Lee PH and LeGrand KE and Levine AJ and Li S and Maleki S and Mansournia MA and Martins-Melo FR and Massenburg BB and Mayala BK and Meitei WB and Mendoza W and Mengistu DT and Mereta ST and Mestrovic T and Mihretie KM and Miller-Petrie MK and Mohammadian-Hafshejani A and Mohammed S and Mokdad AH and Moradi M and Moradzadeh R and Moraga P and Morrison SD and Mosser JF and Mousavi SM and Munro SB and Muthupandian S and mwingira UJ and Naderi M and Nagarajan AJ and Naik G and Negoi I and Nguyen TH and Nguyen HLT and Olagunju AT and Omar Bali A and Osarenotor O and Osei FB and Pasupula DK and Pirsaheb M and Pourjafar H and Rathi P and Rawaf DL and Rawaf S and Rawassizadeh R and Reiner RC and Reta MA and Rezapour A and Ribeiro AI and Rostami A and Sabesan S and Sadeghi E and Sajadi SM and Samy AM and Sartorius B and Schaeffer LE and Shaikh MA and Sharafi K and Sharafi Z and Sharifi H and Shibuya K and Shin JI and Soheili A and Soltani S and Spotin A and Stolk W and Tesfay BE and Topor-Madry R and Tran KB and Tran BX and Ullah I and Unnikrishnan B and Vasseghian Y and Vinkeles Melchers NVS and Violante FS and Yamada T and Yaya S and Yazdi-Feyzabadi V and Yip P and Yonemoto N and Zaki L and Zaman SB and Zamanian M and Zangeneh A and Zhang Z and Zhang Y and Ziapour A and King J and Hay SI},
  title = {The global distribution of lymphatic filariasis, 2000–18: a geospatial analysis},
  abstract = {Background<br>
Lymphatic filariasis is a neglected tropical disease that can cause permanent disability through disruption of the lymphatic system. This disease is caused by parasitic filarial worms that are transmitted by mosquitos. Mass drug administration (MDA) of antihelmintics is recommended by WHO to eliminate lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem. This study aims to produce the first geospatial estimates of the global prevalence of lymphatic filariasis infection over time, to quantify progress towards elimination, and to identify geographical variation in distribution of infection.<br>

<br>Methods<br>
A global dataset of georeferenced surveyed locations was used to model annual 2000–18 lymphatic filariasis prevalence for 73 current or previously endemic countries. We applied Bayesian model-based geostatistics and time series methods to generate spatially continuous estimates of global all-age 2000–18 prevalence of lymphatic filariasis infection mapped at a resolution of 5 km2 and aggregated to estimate total number of individuals infected.<br>

<br>Findings<br>
We used 14 927 datapoints to fit the geospatial models. An estimated 199 million total individuals (95% uncertainty interval 174–234 million) worldwide were infected with lymphatic filariasis in 2000, with totals for WHO regions ranging from 3·1 million (1·6–5·7 million) in the region of the Americas to 107 million (91–134 million) in the South-East Asia region. By 2018, an estimated 51 million individuals (43–63 million) were infected. Broad declines in prevalence are observed globally, but focal areas in Africa and southeast Asia remain less likely to have attained infection prevalence thresholds proposed to achieve local elimination.<br>

<br>Interpretation<br>
Although the prevalence of lymphatic filariasis infection has declined since 2000, MDA is still necessary across large populations in Africa and Asia. Our mapped estimates can be used to identify areas where the probability of meeting infection thresholds is low, and when coupled with large uncertainty in the predictions, indicate additional data collection or intervention might be warranted before MDA programmes cease.},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {The Lancet Global Health},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {e1186-e1194},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  issn = {2214-109X},
  url = {https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S2214109X20302862?token=F07E426B1AF5BAAAFA2922DE4E9AB43112658F6A3812B00D0AD0966F7220D8559ED9C4537B118E1498F89D7EDE3C3BDD},
  doi = {10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30286-2},
  language = {eng},
}