@article{95030,
  keywords = {General Medicine, Vision impairment, Blindness},
  author = {Adelson JD and Bourne RRA and Briant PS and Flaxman SR and Taylor HRB and Jonas JB and Abdoli AA and Abrha WA and Abualhasan A and Abu-Gharbieh EG and Adal TG and Afshin A and Ahmadieh H and Alemayehu W and Alemzadeh SAS and Alfaar AS and Alipour V and Androudi S and Arabloo J and Arditi AB and Aregawi BB and Arrigo A and Ashbaugh C and Ashrafi ED and Atnafu DD and Bagli EA and Baig AAW and Bärnighausen TW and Battaglia Parodi M and Beheshti MS and Bhagavathula AS and Bhardwaj N and Bhardwaj P and Bhattacharyya K and Bijani A and Bikbov M and Bottone M and Braithwaite TM and Bron AM and Burugina Nagaraja SA and Butt ZA and Caetano dos Santos FLL and Carneiro VLJ and Casson RJ and Cheng CJ and Choi JJ and Chu D and Cicinelli MVM and Coelho JMG and Congdon NGA and Couto RAA and Cromwell EAM and Dahlawi SM and Dai X and Dana R and Dandona L and Dandona RA and Del Monte MA and Derbew Molla M and Dervenis NA and Desta AAP and Deva JP and Diaz D and Djalalinia SE and Ehrlich JR and Elayedath RR and Elhabashy HRB and Ellwein LB and Emamian MH and Eskandarieh S and Farzadfar FG and Fernandes AG and Fischer FS and Friedman DSM and Furtado JM and Gaidhane S and Gazzard G and Gebremichael B and George R and Ghashghaee A and Gilani SA and Golechha M and Hamidi SR and Hammond BRR and Hartnett MERK and Hartono RK and Hashi AI and Hay SI and Hayat K and Heidari G and Ho HC and Holla R and Househ MJ and Huang JJE and Ibitoye SEM and Ilic IMD and Ilic MDD and Ingram ADN and Irvani SSN and Islam SMS and Itumalla R and Jayaram SP and Jha R and Kahloun R and Kalhor R and Kandel H and Kasa AS and Kavetskyy TA and Kayode GAH and Kempen JH and Khairallah M and Khalilov RA and Khan EAC and Khanna RC and Khatib MNA and Khoja TAE and Kim JE and Kim YJ and Kim GR and Kisa S and Kisa A and Kosen S and Koyanagi A and Kucuk Bicer B and Kulkarni VP and Kurmi OP and Landires IC and Lansingh VCL and Leasher JLE and LeGrand KE and Leveziel N and Limburg H and Liu X and Madhava Kunjathur S and Maleki S and Manafi N and Mansouri K and McAlinden CG and Meles GGM and Mersha AM and Michalek IMR and Miller TR and Misra S and Mohammad Y and Mohammadi SFA and Mohammed JAH and Mokdad AH and Moni MAA and Montasir AAR and Morse ARF and Mulaw GFC and Naderi M and Naderifar HS and Naidoo KS and Naimzada MD and Nangia V and Narasimha Swamy SM and Naveed DM and Negash HL and Nguyen HL and Nunez-Samudio VA and Ogbo FA and Ogundimu KT and Olagunju ATE and Onwujekwe OE and Otstavnov NO and Owolabi MO and Pakshir K and Panda-Jonas S and Parekh U and Park E and Pasovic M and Pawar S and Pesudovs K and Peto TQ and Pham HQ and Pinheiro M and Podder V and Rahimi-Movaghar V and Rahman MHUY and Ramulu PY and Rathi P and Rawaf SL and Rawaf DL and Rawal L and Reinig NM and Renzaho AM and Rezapour AL and Robin AL and Rossetti L and Sabour S and Safi S and Sahebkar A and Sahraian MAM and Samy AM and Sathian B and Saya GK and Saylan MA and Shaheen AAA and Shaikh MAT and Shen TT and Shibuya KS and Shiferaw WS and Shigematsu M and Shin JI and Silva JC and Silvester AA and Singh JA and Singhal DS and Sitorus RS and Skiadaresi EY and Skryabin VYA and Skryabina AA and Soheili AB and Sorrie MBARC and Sousa RARCT and Sreeramareddy CT and Stambolian DG and Tadesse EG and Tahhan NI and Tareque MI and Topouzis FX and Tran BX and Tsegaye GK and Tsilimbaris MK and Varma R and Virgili G and Vongpradith AT and Vu GT and Wang YX and Wang NH and Weldemariam AHK and West SKG and Wondmeneh TGY and Wong TY and Yaseri M and Yonemoto N and Yu CS and Zastrozhin MS and Zhang ZR and Zimsen SR and Resnikoff S and Vos T},
  title = {Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: the Right to Sight: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study},
  abstract = {Background<br>
Many causes of vision impairment can be prevented or treated. With an ageing global population, the demands for eye health services are increasing. We estimated the prevalence and relative contribution of avoidable causes of blindness and vision impairment globally from 1990 to 2020. We aimed to compare the results with the World Health Assembly Global Action Plan (WHA GAP) target of a 25% global reduction from 2010 to 2019 in avoidable vision impairment, defined as cataract and undercorrected refractive error.<br>
<br>Methods<br>
We did a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based surveys of eye disease from January, 1980, to October, 2018. We fitted hierarchical models to estimate prevalence (with 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]) of moderate and severe vision impairment (MSVI; presenting visual acuity from <6/18 to 3/60) and blindness (<3/60 or less than 10° visual field around central fixation) by cause, age, region, and year. Because of data sparsity at younger ages, our analysis focused on adults aged 50 years and older.<br>
<br>Findings<br>
Global crude prevalence of avoidable vision impairment and blindness in adults aged 50 years and older did not change between 2010 and 2019 (percentage change −0·2% [95% UI −1·5 to 1·0]; 2019 prevalence 9·58 cases per 1000 people [95% IU 8·51 to 10·8], 2010 prevalence 96·0 cases per 1000 people [86·0 to 107·0]). Age-standardised prevalence of avoidable blindness decreased by −15·4% [–16·8 to −14·3], while avoidable MSVI showed no change (0·5% [–0·8 to 1·6]). However, the number of cases increased for both avoidable blindness (10·8% [8·9 to 12·4]) and MSVI (31·5% [30·0 to 33·1]). The leading global causes of blindness in those aged 50 years and older in 2020 were cataract (15·2 million cases [9% IU 12·7–18·0]), followed by glaucoma (3·6 million cases [2·8–4·4]), undercorrected refractive error (2·3 million cases [1·8–2·8]), age-related macular degeneration (1·8 million cases [1·3–2·4]), and diabetic retinopathy (0·86 million cases [0·59–1·23]). Leading causes of MSVI were undercorrected refractive error (86·1 million cases [74·2–101·0]) and cataract (78·8 million cases [67·2–91·4]).<br>
<br>Interpretation<br>
Results suggest eye care services contributed to the observed reduction of age-standardised rates of avoidable blindness but not of MSVI, and that the target in an ageing global population was not reached.},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {The Lancet Global Health},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {e144-e160},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  issn = {2214-109X},
  url = {https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S2214-109X%2820%2930489-7},
  doi = {10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30489-7},
  language = {eng},
}