@article{95119,
  keywords = {General Medicine},
  author = {Bourne R and Steinmetz JD and Flaxman S and Briant PS and Taylor HR and Resnikoff S and Casson RJ and Abdoli A and Abu-Gharbieh E and Afshin A and Ahmadieh H and Akalu Y and Alamneh AA and Alemayehu W and Alfaar AS and Alipour V and Anbesu EW and Androudi S and Arabloo J and Arditi A and Asaad M and Bagli E and Baig AA and Bärnighausen TW and Battaglia Parodi M and Bhagavathula AS and Bhardwaj N and Bhardwaj P and Bhattacharyya K and Bijani A and Bikbov M and Bottone M and Braithwaite T and Bron AM and Butt ZA and Cheng C and Chu D and Cicinelli MV and Coelho JM and Dagnew B and Dai X and Dana R and Dandona L and Dandona R and Del Monte MA and Deva JP and Diaz D and Djalalinia S and Dreer LE and Ehrlich JR and Ellwein LB and Emamian MH and Fernandes AG and Fischer F and Friedman DS and Furtado JM and Gaidhane AM and Gaidhane S and Gazzard G and Gebremichael B and George R and Ghashghaee A and Golechha M and Hamidi S and Hammond BR and Hartnett MER and Hartono RK and Hay SI and Heidari G and Ho HC and Hoang CL and Househ M and Ibitoye SE and Ilic IM and Ilic MD and Ingram AD and Irvani SSN and Jha R and Kahloun R and Kandel H and Kasa AS and Kempen JH and Keramati M and Khairallah M and Khan EA and Khanna RC and Khatib MN and Kim JE and Kim YJ and Kisa S and Kisa A and Koyanagi A and Kurmi OP and Lansingh VC and Leasher JL and Leveziel N and Limburg H and Majdan M and Manafi N and Mansouri K and McAlinden C and Mohammadi SF and Mohammadian-Hafshejani A and Mohammadpourhodki R and Mokdad AH and Moosavi D and Morse AR and Naderi M and Naidoo KS and Nangia V and Nguyen CT and Nguyen HLT and Ogundimu K and Olagunju AT and Ostroff SM and Panda-Jonas S and Pesudovs K and Peto T and Quazi Syed Z and Rahman MHU and Ramulu PY and Rawaf S and Rawaf DL and Reinig N and Robin AL and Rossetti L and Safi S and Sahebkar A and Samy AM and Saxena D and Serle JB and Shaikh MA and Shen TT and Shibuya K and Shin JI and Silva JC and Silvester A and Singh JA and Singhal D and Sitorus RS and Skiadaresi E and Skirbekk V and Soheili A and Sousa RARC and Spurlock EE and Stambolian D and Taddele BW and Tadesse EG and Tahhan N and Tareque MI and Topouzis F and Tran BX and Travillian RS and Tsilimbaris MK and Varma R and Virgili G and Wang YX and Wang N and West SK and Wong TY and Zaidi Z and Zewdie KA and Jonas JB and Vos T},
  title = {Trends in prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment over 30 years: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study},
  abstract = {Background<br>
To contribute to the WHO initiative, VISION 2020: The Right to Sight, an assessment of global vision impairment in 2020 and temporal change is needed. We aimed to extensively update estimates of global vision loss burden, presenting estimates for 2020, temporal change over three decades between 1990–2020, and forecasts for 2050.<br>
<br>Methods<br>
We did a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based surveys of eye disease from January, 1980, to October, 2018. Only studies with samples representative of the population and with clearly defined visual acuity testing protocols were included. We fitted hierarchical models to estimate 2020 prevalence (with 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]) of mild vision impairment (presenting visual acuity ≥6/18 and <6/12), moderate and severe vision impairment (<6/18 to 3/60), and blindness (<3/60 or less than 10° visual field around central fixation); and vision impairment from uncorrected presbyopia (presenting near vision <N6 or <N8 at 40 cm where best-corrected distance visual acuity is ≥6/12). We forecast estimates of vision loss up to 2050.<br>
<br>Findings<br>
In 2020, an estimated 43·3 million (95% UI 37·6–48·4) people were blind, of whom 23·9 million (55%; 20·8–26·8) were estimated to be female. We estimated 295 million (267–325) people to have moderate and severe vision impairment, of whom 163 million (55%; 147–179) were female; 258 million (233–285) to have mild vision impairment, of whom 142 million (55%; 128–157) were female; and 510 million (371–667) to have visual impairment from uncorrected presbyopia, of whom 280 million (55%; 205–365) were female. Globally, between 1990 and 2020, among adults aged 50 years or older, age-standardised prevalence of blindness decreased by 28·5% (–29·4 to −27·7) and prevalence of mild vision impairment decreased slightly (–0·3%, −0·8 to −0·2), whereas prevalence of moderate and severe vision impairment increased slightly (2·5%, 1·9 to 3·2; insufficient data were available to calculate this statistic for vision impairment from uncorrected presbyopia). In this period, the number of people who were blind increased by 50·6% (47·8 to 53·4) and the number with moderate and severe vision impairment increased by 91·7% (87·6 to 95·8). By 2050, we predict 61·0 million (52·9 to 69·3) people will be blind, 474 million (428 to 518) will have moderate and severe vision impairment, 360 million (322 to 400) will have mild vision impairment, and 866 million (629 to 1150) will have uncorrected presbyopia.<br>
<br>Interpretation<br>
Age-adjusted prevalence of blindness has reduced over the past three decades, yet due to population growth, progress is not keeping pace with needs. We face enormous challenges in avoiding vision impairment as the global population grows and ages.},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {The Lancet Global Health},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {e130-e143},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  issn = {2214-109X},
  url = {https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S2214-109X%2820%2930425-3},
  doi = {10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30425-3},
  language = {eng},
}