03410nas a2200349   4500000000100000008004100001260001000042653002500052653002500077653004200102653002900144653002300173100001300196700001900209700002100228700001400249700001200263700001300275700001400288700001200302700001400314700002000328700001100348700001200359700001400371700001600385700001300401245021600414856005800630520234700688022002503035       2025                            d  bWiley10aSnakebite envenoming10ahealthcare providers10aHealth Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice10aQuestionnaire validation10aSub-Saharan Africa1 aTaha SHN1 aBadr El Dine F1 aAbdel‐Rahman S1 aGebreal A1 aEzie KN1 aOkafor U1 aGaitano G1 aBenti A1 aMahmoud M1 aKonadu Bonnah S1 aJama S1 aTuray A1 aMichael O1 aMohammad AM1 aGhazy RM00aDevelopment and validation of a questionnaire assessing knowledge, attitude, and practice of snake envenomation among health care providers (<scp>KAPSE</scp>‐<scp>HCPQ</scp>) in sub‐Saharan African countries  uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/tmi.141223 a<p><strong>Background:</strong> A tropical disease that is often overlooked yet poses a significant risk to public health is envenomation caused by snakebite. This study aimed to develop a validated questionnaire to evaluate healthcare providers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding snakebite envenomation (KAPSE‐HCPQ).</p>

<p><strong>Methods:</strong> A cross‐sectional survey among healthcare providers in 11 Sub‐Saharan African countries was conducted from 3 November 2023 to 25 February 2024, using convenience and snowball sampling methods. Data collection included electronic surveys and face‐to‐face interviews. Internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha was measured to determine sub‐domain scales' reliability. We assessed the instrument's validity using multiple approaches, including face, content, convergent, and divergent validity, and evaluated its structural validity through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses.</p>

<p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 634 healthcare providers were included in the study. The median age of participants was 31 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 11), with 61.0% being male, 47.9% holding a bachelor's degree, and the median years of professional experience were 5 years (IQR: 8). The Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin was 0.869, indicating a robust sample for factor analysis. Bartlett's test of Sphericity was statistically significant (p &lt;0.001), confirming the suitability of the data for factor analysis. Three factors were extracted, collectively explaining 41% of the total variance. Knowledge items retained had loadings between 0.410 and 0.821, while attitude items ranged from 0.421 to 0.736. Practice items had loadings between 0.588 and 0.666. Confirmatory factor analysis results indicated good fit measures (RMSEA &lt;0.08, GFI, NFI, CFI, TLI &gt;0.9, and SRMR&lt;0.08), with all domain correlations remaining below 0.05, confirming divergent validity. Cronbach's alpha values for knowledge, attitude, and practice domains were above 0.7, demonstrating acceptable internal consistency.</p>

<p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The developed questionnaire has good reliability, validity, and good psychometric properties to be used as a tool for assessing knowledge, attitude, and practice of snake envenomation among healthcare providers.</p>
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