Dengue remains a significant public health challenge in India, with frequent outbreaks persisting despite long-standing control programs. Its transmission is driven by complex interactions among climatic, vector, and human determinants; however, the existing evidence remains fragmented. This scoping review synthesized evidence on the determinants of dengue transmission in India through a One Health lens.
A scoping review was conducted following PRISMA-ScR guidelines. PubMed and Google Scholar were systematically searched (January 2015–December 2024), yielding 6244 records, of which 40 studies were included. Data were extracted across human, meteorological, vector, and environmental domains. A causal loop diagram (CLD) was developed to analyze cause-and-effect relationships and feedback mechanisms influencing dengue transmission.
Meteorological determinants, particularly rainfall, temperature, and relative humidity, emerged as primary determinants by influencing mosquito density and breeding sites. Socio-environmental determinants, including rapid urbanization, population density, household water storage, inadequate solid waste management, and poor sanitation, further reinforced transmission. The CLD identified reinforcing feedback loops related to mosquito density and breeding habitats, whereas balancing mechanisms, such as community awareness and surveillance, if strengthened, could substantially reduce transmission and moderate disease dynamics.
This review provides a systems-based analysis of the determinants of dengue transmission in India and identifies leverage points for intervention. In the context of rapid urbanization and climate change, strengthening climate-informed early warning systems, integrating climatic, entomological, and public health surveillance, improving urban infrastructure, and implementing a One Health approach are essential for coordinated and sustainable dengue prevention and control.
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