02179nas a2200229   4500000000100000008004100001260001900042653002300061653003100084653002200115653001400137653002400151653001500175653002300190653002200213653002600235100001400261245019000275490000700465520145200472022002501924       2026                            d  c10/2026bWiley10aNon-Human Primates10aemerging zoonotic diseases10aZoonotic diseases10aIndonesia10aOne Health approach10aOne Health10aPathogen Spillover10aSurveillance Gaps10aRegulatory Frameworks1 aSophian A00aNon‐Human Primates as Sentinels and Reservoirs of Emerging Zoonotic Diseases in Indonesia: A One Health Perspective on Pathogen Spillover, Surveillance Gaps, and Regulatory Frameworks0 v553 a<p><strong>Background and Aims</strong></p>

<p>Indonesia harbors extraordinary non‐human primate (NHP) diversity, yet deforestation, ecotourism, illegal wildlife trade, and urban encroachment are intensifying human–NHP contact, elevating pathogen spillover risk. This review synthesizes evidence on NHP‐associated zoonoses within a One Health framework and proposes an integrated biosurveillance roadmap.</p>

<p><strong>Methods</strong></p>

<p>A structured search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (2000–2025), informed by the PRISMA‐ScR framework and using pre‐specified host, geographic, and pathogen search terms, was conducted and supplemented by grey literature from WHO, FAO, BPOM, and Indonesia's Ministry of Health.</p>

<p><strong>Results</strong></p>

<p>Five priority zoonotic pathogen categories were identified: Plasmodium knowlesi malaria, Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1 (Herpes B virus), simian foamy virus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, and zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites. Surveillance capacity is fragmented and NHP‐specific pathogen monitoring is absent from national systems.</p>

<p><strong>Conclusions</strong></p>

<p>NHP‐derived zoonoses represent a growing public health threat in Indonesia. A NHP‐inclusive One Health surveillance system integrating molecular diagnostics, geographic information systems, and cross‐sectoral regulatory coordination is urgently needed.</p>
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