02000nas a2200205   4500000000100000008004100001100001400042700001900056700001400075700001600089700001400105700001400119700001300133245009400146856008000240300001200320490000700332520144100339022001401780       2014                            d1 aBartram J1 aBrocklehurst C1 aFisher MB1 aLuyendijk R1 aHossain R1 aWardlaw T1 aGordon B00aGlobal monitoring of water supply and sanitation: history, methods and future challenges.  uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4143854/pdf/ijerph-11-08137.pdf  a8137-650 v113 a<p>International monitoring of drinking water and sanitation shapes awareness of countries' needs and informs policy, implementation and research efforts to extend and improve services. The Millennium Development Goals established global targets for drinking water and sanitation access; progress towards these targets, facilitated by international monitoring, has contributed to reducing the global disease burden and increasing quality of life. The experiences of the MDG period generated important lessons about the strengths and limitations of current approaches to defining and monitoring access to drinking water and sanitation. The methods by which the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) of WHO and UNICEF tracks access and progress are based on analysis of data from household surveys and linear regression modelling of these results over time. These methods provide nationally representative and internationally comparable insights into the drinking water and sanitation facilities used by populations worldwide, but also have substantial limitations: current methods do not address water quality, equity of access, or extra-household services. Improved statistical methods are needed to better model temporal trends. This article describes and critically reviews JMP methods in detail for the first time. It also explores the impact of, and future directions for, international monitoring of drinking water and sanitation.</p>
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