03821nas a2200589   4500000000100000008004100001653001600042653003100058653001500089653002100104653001500125653000900140653003500149653001200184653001100196653001400207653001800221653002000239653002000259653001100279653001000290653002700300653002600327653001500353653001800368653002100386653001000407653001200417653002100429653001000450653001500460100001600475700001700491700001400508700001100522700001700533700001400550700002300564700001400587700001500601700001300616700001300629700001400642700001500656700001100671245012100682856007800803300001100881490000600892520231900898022001403217       2013                            d10aYoung Adult10aSurveys and Questionnaires10aSanitation10aRural Population10aPrevalence10aMale10aIntestinal Diseases, Parasitic10aHygiene10aHumans10aHelminths10aHelminthiasis10aHealth Literacy10aGiardia lamblia10aFemale10aFeces10aEnvironmental Exposure10aEntamoeba histolytica10aDefecation10aCote d'Ivoire10aChild, Preschool10aChild10aAnimals10aAge Distribution10aAdult10aAdolescent1 aSchmidlin T1 aHürlimann E1 aSilué KD1 aYapi R1 aHoungbedji C1 aKouadio B1 aAcka-Douabélé CA1 aKouassi D1 aOuattara M1 aZouzou F1 aBonfoh B1 aN'Goran E1 aUtzinger J1 aRaso G00aEffects of hygiene and defecation behavior on helminths and intestinal protozoa infections in Taabo, Côte d'Ivoire.  uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3688730/pdf/pone.0065722.pdf  ae657220 v83 a<p><strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>More than 1 billion people are currently infected with soil-transmitted helminths and schistosomes. The global strategy to control helminthiases is the regular administration of anthelmintic drugs to at-risk populations. However, rapid re-infection occurs in areas where hygiene, access to clean water, and sanitation are inadequate.</p>

<p><strong>METHODOLOGY: </strong>In July 2011, inhabitants from two villages and seven hamlets of the Taabo health demographic surveillance system in south-central Côte d'Ivoire provided stool and urine samples. Kato-Katz and ether-concentration methods were used for the diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni, soil-transmitted helminths (Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworm), and intestinal protozoa. Urine samples were subjected to a filtration method for the diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium. A questionnaire was administered to households to obtain information on knowledge, attitude, practice, and beliefs in relation to hygiene, sanitation, and defecation behavior. Logistic regression models were employed to assess for associations between questionnaire data and parasitic infections.</p>

<p><strong>PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: </strong>A total of 1,894 participants had complete data records. Parasitological examinations revealed prevalences of hookworm, S. haematobium, T. trichiura, S. mansoni, and A. lumbricoides of 33.5%, 7.0%, 1.6%, 1.3% and 0.8%, respectively. Giardia intestinalis and Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar were detected in 15.0% and 14.4% of the participants, respectively. Only one out of five households reported the presence of a latrine, and hence, open defecation was common. Logistic regression analysis revealed that age, sex, socioeconomic status, hygiene, and defecation behavior are determinants for helminths and intestinal protozoa infections.</p>

<p><strong>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: </strong>We found that inadequate sanitation and hygiene behavior are associated with soil-transmitted helminths and intestinal protozoa infections in the Taabo area of south-central Côte d'Ivoire. Our data will serve as a benchmark to monitor the effect of community-led total sanitation and hygiene education to reduce the transmission of helminthiases and intestinal protozoa infections.</p>
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