03373nas a2200337   4500000000100000008004100001653003900042653001400081653001400095653001200109100001400121700001500135700001400150700001200164700001300176700001200189700001300201700001400214700001200228700001200240700001300252700001200265700001300277700001100290245007200301856009800373300001300471490000700484520253000491022001403021       2018                            d10aNeglected tropical diseases (NTDs)10asnakebite10aIncidence10aMyanmar1 aMahmood M1 aHalliday D1 aCumming R1 aThwin K1 aKyaw MMZ1 aWhite J1 aAlfred S1 aWarrell D1 aBacon D1 aNaing W1 aThein MM1 aChit NN1 aSerhal S1 aPeh CA00aSnakebite incidence in two townships in Mandalay Division, Myanmar.  uhttp://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0006643&type=printable  ae00066430 v123 a<p><strong>INTRODUCTION: </strong>The global incidence of snakebite is estimated at more than 2.5 million cases annually, with greater than 100,000 deaths. Historically, Myanmar has one of the highest incidences of venomous snakebites. In order to improve the health outcomes of snakebite patients in Myanmar, access to accurate snakebite incidence data is crucial. The last population-based study in Myanmar was conducted more than a decade ago. In 2014, the Ministry of Health and Sports data from health facilities indicated an incidence of about 29.5 bites/ 100,000 population/year (a total of 15,079 bites). Since data from health facilities lack information about those who do not seek health care from government health services, a new population-based survey was conducted in 2 rural areas of Mandalay region. The survey data were compared to those obtained from healthcare services.</p>

<p><strong>METHOD: </strong>4,276 rural respondents in Kyaukse and Madaya townships in Mandalay Division were recruited using cluster sampling that involved random selection of 150 villages and random sampling of 30 households from each village. One adult member of each household was interviewed using a structured questionnaire.</p>

<p><strong>RESULTS: </strong>One respondent from each of 4,276 households represented 19,877 residents from 144 villages. 24 people in these households had suffered snakebite during the last one year giving an annual incidence of 116/100,000. During the last ten years, 252 people suffered snakebites. 44.1% of the victims were women. 14% of the villages reported 4 or more bites during the last ten years, whereas 27% villages reported no snakebites. 92.4% of the victims recovered fully, 5.4% died, and 2% suffered long term health issues. One victim was reported to have died from causes unrelated to the snakebite. While there was no statistically significant difference between outcomes for children and adults, 4 of 38 of those under 18 years of age died compared to 7 of 133 adults between 19 to 40 years of age.</p>

<p><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>This incidence reported by the community members points to substantially more snakebites than the number of snakebite patients attending health facilities. This higher incidence points to the need for a nation-wide population-based survey, community education about gaining access to care where antivenom is available, and to the potential need for a larger supply of antivenom and expansion of medical care in rural areas.</p>
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