03271nas a2200277 4500000000100000008004100001260004400042653002400086100001300110700001200123700001400135700001200149700001400161700001400175700001400189700001300203700001200216700001500228700001000243700001500253245008900268856008400357490000700441520253100448022001402979 2021 d bSpringer Science and Business Media LLC10aInfectious Diseases1 aKayani B1 aSadiq S1 aRashid HB1 aAhmed N1 aMahmood A1 aKhaliq MS1 aMaqsood R1 aRashid H1 aHasan S1 aMushtaq MH1 aZia U1 aChaudhry M00aCutaneous Leishmaniasis in Pakistan: a neglected disease needing one health strategy uhttps://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12879-021-06327-w.pdf0 v213 aAbstract
Background
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected tropical disease, which mainly affects poor communities. It is one of the major vector-borne disease and endemic in Pakistan.
Methods
A case-control study to evaluate potential risk factors of human-CL was conducted in Khewra region, District Jhelum, Pakistan from January–April 2014. Case data about 90 cases registered during October 2012 to November 2013 was retrieved from Municipal Hospital. Controls were matched (1,1 ratio) on the date of registration with cases from same hospital. Both cases and controls were invited to participate and data was collected in a face-to-face interview. A prospective study of canine leishmaniasis (canine-CL) was also conducted at Civil Veterinary Hospital in the same area. Suspected dogs with skin ulceration signs were included in the study and blood samples were collected. Statistical analyses were conducted to determine association between various parameters and outcome of interest.
Results
The ages of cases ranged from 1 to 76 years (median = 15 years) and proved to be protective factor i.e. increase in each year in age reduced the likelihood of being infected with human-CL [Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.4, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 0.25–0.76]. People sleeping outsides in an open area were more likely to become a case (OR = 8.7, 95% CI = 2.90–26.37) than a control. Poor sanitary condition inside the house (OR = 3.3, 95% CI 1.03–10.56) and presence of other animals in house (livestock, poultry) (OR = 3.6, 95% CI = 1.07–12.12) also identified as risk factors of high significance. The proportion of positive dogs with canine-CL was 21.05% and was significantly associated with human-CL cases in the same area (p < 0.05).
Conclusions
We concluded that adopting self-protections measures against sand-fly, and maintaining good hygiene may lower the risk of human-CL. One-Health Strategy is suggested to control leishmaniasis in human and dog population.
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