01829nas a2200193   4500000000100000008004100001260001600042653001700058653001500075653002700090100001200117700001200129700001100141245008100152300001100233490000800244520136900252022001401621       2022                            d  bElsevier BV10aPharmacology10aImmunology10aImmunology and Allergy1 aSaini I1 aJoshi J1 aKaur S00aUnwelcome prevalence of leishmaniasis with several other infectious diseases  a1090590 v1103 a<p>Co-infection among leishmaniasis and other infectious diseases is common among natural populations especially in the endemic areas of the disease. It depends on the environmental factors, vector availability, host-parasite interactions and above all geographical boundaries. Leishmaniasis being an immunosuppressive disease empowers the invading opportunistic infections to invade and successfully colonize. A variety of infections coexist with leishmaniasis like HIV, leprosy, tuberculosis, schistosomiasis etc. With the different pathology and immune status, co-infection in most cases leads to disease severity and increased mortality.&nbsp;Inevitably, co-infection increases the complexity and poses a threat in the cure and control programmes. This is the first review which highlights the existing co-infections of leishmaniasis with other infectious diseases. The review also focuses on the immunology of co-infections together, diagnosis and the treatment options available for treating such cases. With the changing environment and the overlapping endemic areas of leishmaniasis with other diseases, it becomes difficult to treat a disease without accurate diagnosis. Thus, the review insists on the need for more research on development of newer and differential diagnostic methods for co-infected individuals with the&nbsp;overlapping symptoms.</p>
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