TY - JOUR
KW - Soil-transmitted helminths
KW - Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs)
KW - Gender
KW - Diarrhea
AU - Sevilimedu V
AU - Pressley KD
AU - Snook K
AU - Hogges JV
AU - Politis MD
AU - Sexton JK
AU - Duke CH
AU - Smith BA
AU - Swander L
AU - Baker KK
AU - Gambhir M
AU - Fung IC
AB - <p><strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>Qualitative evidence suggests that inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) may affect diarrheal and helminthic infection in women disproportionately. We systematically searched PubMed in June 2014 (updated 2016) and the WHO website, for relevant articles.</p>

<p><strong>METHODS: </strong>Articles dealing with the public health relevance of helminthic and diarrheal diseases, and highlighting the role of gender in WASH were included. Where possible, we carried out a meta-analysis.</p>

<p><strong>RESULTS: </strong>In studies of individuals 5 years or older, cholera showed lower prevalence in males (OR 0.56; 95% CI 0.34-0.94), while Schistosoma mansoni (1.38; 95% CI 1.14-1.67), Schistosoma japonicum (1.52; 95% CI 1.13-2.05), hookworm (1.43; 95% CI 1.07-1.89) and all forms of infectious diarrhea (1.21; 95% CI 1.06-1.38) showed a higher prevalence in males. When studies included all participants, S. mansoni and S. japonicum showed higher prevalence with males (OR 1.40; 95% CI 1.27-1.55 and 1.84; 95% CI 1.27-2.67, respectively). Prevalence of Trichiuris and hookworm infection showed effect modification with continent.</p>

<p><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>Evidence of gender differences in infection may reflect differences in gender norms, suggesting that policy changes at the regional level may help ameliorate gender related disparities in helminthic and diarrheal disease prevalence.</p>

BT - Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
C1 - <p>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28115686?dopt=Abstract</p>

DO - 10.1093/trstmh/trw080
J2 - Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg.
LA - eng
N2 - <p><strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>Qualitative evidence suggests that inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) may affect diarrheal and helminthic infection in women disproportionately. We systematically searched PubMed in June 2014 (updated 2016) and the WHO website, for relevant articles.</p>

<p><strong>METHODS: </strong>Articles dealing with the public health relevance of helminthic and diarrheal diseases, and highlighting the role of gender in WASH were included. Where possible, we carried out a meta-analysis.</p>

<p><strong>RESULTS: </strong>In studies of individuals 5 years or older, cholera showed lower prevalence in males (OR 0.56; 95% CI 0.34-0.94), while Schistosoma mansoni (1.38; 95% CI 1.14-1.67), Schistosoma japonicum (1.52; 95% CI 1.13-2.05), hookworm (1.43; 95% CI 1.07-1.89) and all forms of infectious diarrhea (1.21; 95% CI 1.06-1.38) showed a higher prevalence in males. When studies included all participants, S. mansoni and S. japonicum showed higher prevalence with males (OR 1.40; 95% CI 1.27-1.55 and 1.84; 95% CI 1.27-2.67, respectively). Prevalence of Trichiuris and hookworm infection showed effect modification with continent.</p>

<p><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>Evidence of gender differences in infection may reflect differences in gender norms, suggesting that policy changes at the regional level may help ameliorate gender related disparities in helminthic and diarrheal disease prevalence.</p>

PY - 2017
T2 - Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
TI - Gender-based differences in water, sanitation and hygiene-related diarrheal disease and helminthic infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
SN - 1878-3503
ER -