Closing the Gaps on Medical Education in Low-Income Countries Through Information & Communication Technologies: The Mozambique Experience
Background: Medical training in developing countries has continuously faced challenges to produce the needed number of cadres and maintain the needed quality standards. Mozambique, a low-income country in Southern Africa, has a major disparity in distribution of medical doctors in the country and only a small proportion are trained as specialists and/or retained as faculty. In this context, we thought that Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) are an attractive tool to support expansion of medical training and residency programs and designed a strategy for its use to promote changes in the learning environment of a university teaching hospital in this country.
Approach: Beginning in 2010-under the Medical Education Partnership Initiative between Universidad Eduardo Mondlane, Mozambique, and University of California San Diego, United States of America - we conducted extensive interviews to 21 UEM faculty and medical trainees to assess barriers to education and medical care at the major referral hospital in Mozambique. Then, changes were made to address the issues raised mainly through building an ICT infrastructure to improve connectivity, improving access to medical information, distributing communication and mobile medical devices, as well as fostering exchange between students, residents and faculty members. These changes were tracked years after to evaluate adoption.
Main Findings & Discussion: Internet access with large bandwidth and devices such as tablets and computers were distributed to increase access to medical information. The students: resident ratio improved from 13:1 to 5:1 at the end of the project. Additional 25 new faculty members were involved in clinical training, mainly through incentives such as faculty development courses and research training. Teleconferences and other exchanges using ICT have evolved from being used as a platform for weekly clinical rounds and case discussions, to become a day-to-day tool for implementation of quality improvement processes and research projects. New exchange programs between local and foreign institutions were fostered to create a growing network with over 20 institutions at the end of the program. Importantly, these changes persisted beyond the project, and constituted a driver for transformative education and distance learning.
Conclusion: Context-tailored use of ICT and mobile medical devices transformed medical education by improving the learning environment, addressing scarcity and low quality of trained doctors in a low-income setting of Africa. This strategy has the potential to reduce health disparities and contribute to achieving universal health coverage. Efforts to guaranty sustainability and health professional’s retention are warranted.