Management of snakebites in the upper extremity.

Encounters with venomous snakes can lead to substantial morbidity or mortality if managed inappropriately. Medical management is the mainstay of treatment, but surgery may be necessary in rare cases. The hand surgeon should be well versed in the types of venomous snakes, the mechanism of action of venom, and the management of these injuries, given the frequency of hand envenomation. The indications for surgery are not well established and rely on clinical judgment and practitioner's experience. An understanding of previously reported outcomes and an algorithmic approach to treatment will help improve patient care and avoid complications.