Climate change and vector-borne zoonoses: Insights from a cross-sectional study on perceptions, knowledge, and practices in Portugal

Climate change is regarded as a critical issue for public health. Each year, its impact on human and animal health becomes increasingly evident as the risk of zoonosis transmission is exacerbated by extreme weather events and the movement of vectors into new areas. These changes are causing extensive consequences, affecting human health, the environment, and the global economy. Therefore, collective action is considered essential to mitigate the effects of climate change and safeguard public health for future generations. This study investigates the perceptions, knowledge, and practices of Portuguese citizens concerning vector-borne zoonoses and their connection to climate change. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out by distributing a survey to 147 individuals. The findings indicated that, on average, 80% of participants were aware of zoonoses, with the least recognised vector-borne zoonoses identified as the chikungunya virus and West Nile virus. Approximately 93% of the study population reported that they perceived temperatures in the warmer months have risen each year, with more than half of the participants noting an increase in the prevalence of vectors in the country during these months in recent years. Additionally, the results demonstrated that the majority of participants, about 93%, believed that veterinarians provided inadequate information regarding vector-borne zoonoses. The findings further revealed that the sampled population was unprepared for the realities increasingly faced in Europe and Portugal, with only 42% of participants reporting the use of preventive measures, such as repellents, against vectors. Consequently, there is a need for enhanced education and awareness campaigns, as well as a more proactive role from veterinarians in disseminating information and prevention strategies.