Zika, Lyme, and Chagas Disease

Vector-borne diseases are important health problems, usually restricted to certain geographical areas. Recently due to international travels and globalization, few of these are being detected in previously unknown areas. Zika, Lyme and Chagas diseases are such emerging infections which have significant perinatal implications. Zika Virus infections are transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. It causes mild disease in the mother but transplacental spread to fetus can cause microcephaly and other congenital anomalies. There is no specific treatment for the infection and travel restriction guidelines and personal protective measures are important for primary prevention. Lyme disease is a spirochetal infection transmitted by ticks. Vertical transmission has been reported and adverse outcomes including cardiac anomalies are suggested, though causal relationship hasn’t been established conclusively. Chagas disease which is a protozoal infection can cause cardiomyopathy and megacolon in the fetus. Screening and treatment before pregnancy and treatment of neonates in endemic areas are important. Lack of knowledge and awareness among health professionals about these infections can delay diagnosis and treatment resulting in adverse obstetric outcomes and hence are being discussed in detail in the chapter.